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An optical illusion. The two circles seem to move when the viewer’s head is moving forwards and backwards while looking at the black dot.

photo credit: Mike Raybourne

According To Matthew Luckiesh: This book, published in 1922, is a report on the applied science of optical illusions or visual illusions as they were called then. It was written by Matthew Luckiesh, Director of Applied Science, NELA Research Laboratories, National Lamp Works of General Electric Co.

I find this topic fascinating. Imagine, we thought what we saw is what it was. But, apparently, not so! This is the beginning of a series on optical, or visual illusions. (Previous articles have been written about this topic on my blog)

Optical Illusions Are Everywhere

Seeing is deceiving. Thus a familiar epigram may be challenged in order to indicate the trend of this book which aims to treat certain phases of optical illusions. In general, we do not see things as they are or as they are related to each other; that is, the intellect does not correctly interpret the deliverances of the visual sense, although sometimes the optical mechanism of the eyes is directly responsible for the optical illusion. In other words, none of our conceptions and perceptions are quite adequate, but fortunately most of them are satisfactory for practical purposes. Only a part of what is perceived comes through the senses from the object; the remainder always comes from within. In fact, it is the visual sense or the intellect which is responsible for optical illusions of the various types to be discussed in the following chapters. Our past experiences, associations, desires, demands, imaginings, and other more or less obscure influences create optical illusions.

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An optical illusion does not generally exist physically but it is difficult in some cases to explain the cause. Certainly there are many cases of errors of judgment. A mistaken estimate of the distance of a mountain is due to an error of judgment but the perception of a piece of white paper as pink on a green background is an error of sense. It is realized that the foregoing comparison leads directly to one of the most controversial questions in psychology, but there is no intention on the author’s part to cling dogmatically to the opinions expressed. In fact, discussions of the psychological judgment involved in the presentations of the visual sense are not introduced with the hope of stating the final word but to give the reader an idea of the inner process of perception. The final word will be left to the psychologists but it appears possible that it may never be formulated.

Generally speaking, a tree will appear longer when it is standing than when it is lying on the ground. Lines, areas, and masses are not perceived in their actual physical relations. The appearance of a colored object varies considerably with its environment. The sky is not perceived as infinite space nor as a hemispherical dome, but as a flattened vault. The moon apparently diminishes in size as it rises toward the zenith. A bright object appears larger than a dark object of the same physical dimensions. Flat areas may appear to have a third dimension of depth. And so on.

Optical illusions are so numerous and varied that they have long challenged the interest of the scientist. They may be so useful or even so disastrous that they have been utilized or counteracted by the skilled artist or artisan. The architect and painter have used or avoided them. The stage artist employs them to carry the audience in its imagination to other environments or to far countries. The magician has employed them in his entertainments and the camoufleur used them to advantage in the practice of deception during the recent war. They are vastly entertaining, useful, deceiving, or disastrous, depending upon the viewpoint.

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More about illusions from the great “Bates”

ILLUSIONS OF FORM
Round letters may appear square or triangular; straight letters may appear curved; letters of regular form may appear very irregular; a round letter may appear to have a checkerboard or a cross in the center. In short, an infinite variety of changing forms may be seen. Illumination, distance and environment are all factors in this form of imperfect sight. Many persons can see the form of a letter correctly when other letters are covered, but when the other letters are visible they cannot see it. The indication of the position of a letter by a pointer helps some people to see it. Others are so disturbed by the pointer that they cannot see the letter so well.

Illusions of Number

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Multiple images are frequently seen by persons with imperfect sight, either with both eyes together, with each eye separately, or with only one eye. The manner in which these multiple images make their appearance is sometimes very curious. For instance, a patient with presbyopia read the word HAS The word PHONES he read correctly with the left eye; but when he read it with the right eye he saw the letter P double, the imaginary image being a little distance to the left of the real one.

The left eye, while it had normal vision for the word PHONES, multiplied the shaft of a pin when this object was in a vertical position (the head remaining single), and multiplied the head when the position was changed to the horizontal (the shaft then remaining single). When the point of the pin was placed below a very small letter, the point was sometimes doubled while the letter remained single. No error of refraction can account for these phenomena.
They are tricks of the mind only. The ways in which multiple images are arranged are endless.

They are sometimes placed vertically, sometimes horizontally or obliquely, and sometimes in circles, triangles and other geometrical forms. Their number, too, may vary from two to three, four, or more. They may be stationary, or may change their position more or less rapidly. They also show an infinite variety of color, including a white even whiter than that of the background.

More on illusions

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I am searching and delving into the mystery of the eye. How is it that our eyes are an actual extension of our inner being, a mirror to our soul and spirit? What is it that our eyes are connected to that gives them so much life? So much expression?

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The eyes, as we all know by now, are more efficient than any computer created by man. We already know that the eyes are connected to the brain, physically. This connection makes the difference between what we see, and how we interpret what we see. The eyes look…the bran tells us what we see when we look.

This is where the vast field of illusions comes into being. We see what we see, our eyes do not fool us, but our brain does, it turns around and says “nope, that is not what you see…this is what you see”. Amazing isn’t it. Our brain and our eyes are at war. Mostly the brain wins.

But, where does the physical eye connect to so that we are able to see hate in someone’s eyes? Actually, let me re-phrase that. How is it possible that we can express emotions in our eyes? I mean, to actually see this emotion in the physical appearance of the eyes. Where does that come from? How does that happen?

This is why we all like to look into each others eyes when we talk. When we love someone, we can stare for hours into our partner’s eyes. Obviously, it’s not just to look at two marble like objects. So, where do our eyes connect so that we can see love in each other, actually see love physically?

What’s that about, that our eyes can connect to our soul, our spirit, and convey what we feel?

I remember on one occasion, at someone’s funeral, it was the first time I had a true glimpse into a friend’s soul, just by looking into their eyes. It is a moment I will never forget. EVER!

What about when you look at someone and you see hate? Is that person allowing you to see this emotion, or, is this emotion a part of the natural process of us being human, and so it naturally shows itself?

We see hate in the eyes, we see love, fear, compassion and even confusion in the eyes.

How often have you looked deep into a friend’s eyes, and seen tenderness?

The eye is a little oval object in our body. Yet, it seems to be able to hold the very essence of our being at any given time.

This mystery goes straight from the eyes to the brain…and then, where does it go from there?

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Natural Vision Improvement markets itself as a lifestyle
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ILLUSIONS OF SIZE – According To Dr Bates
Large letters may appear small, or small letters large. One letter may appear to be of normal size, while another of the same size and at the same distance may appear larger or smaller than normal. Or a letter may appear to be of normal size at the near-point and at the distance, and only half that size at the middle
distance. When a person can judge the size of a letter correctly at all distances up to twenty feet his vision is normal. If the size appears different to him at different distances, he is suffering from an illusion of size.

photo credit: davididbAt great distances the judgment of size is always imperfect, because the sight at such distances is imperfect, even though perfect at ordinary distances. The stars appear to be dots, because the eye does not possess perfect vision for objects at such distances. A candle seen half a mile away appears smaller than
at the near-point; but seen through a telescope giving perfect vision at that distance it will be the same as at the near-point. With improved vision the ability to judge size improves.

The correction of an error of refraction by glasses seldom enables the patient to judge size as correctly as the normal eye does, and the ability to do this may differ very greatly in persons having the same error of refraction. A person with ten diopters of myopia corrected by glasses may (rarely) be able to judge the sizes of objects correctly. Another person, with the same degree of myopia and the same glasses, may see them only one-half or one-third their normal size. This indicates that errors of refraction have very little to do with incorrect perceptions of size.

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This is the first of a series on the “natural” tricks our eyes play on us. It’s quite fascinating, and scary. Sometimes, we really do NOT see what we think we do see!

ILLUSIONS OF COLOR
When a patient regards a black letter and believes it to be grey, yellow, brown, blue, or green, he is suffering from an illusion of color. This phenomenon differs from color-blindness. The color-blind person is unable to differentiate between different colors, usually blue and green, and his inability to do so is constant.

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The person suffering from an illusion of color does not see the false colors constantly or uniformly. When he looks at the Snellen test card the black letters may appear to him at one time to be grey; but at another moment they may appear to be a shade of yellow, blue, or brown. Some patients always see the black letters red; to others they appear red only occasionally. Although the letters are all of the same color, some may see the large letters black and the small ones yellow or blue. Usually the large letters are seen darker than the small ones, whatever color they appear to be. Often different colors appear in the same letter, part of it seeming to be black, perhaps, and the rest grey or some other color. Spots of black, or of color, may appear on the white; and spots of white, or of color, on the black.

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==>> from wikipedia.org The same color illusion — also known as Adelson’s checker shadow illusion, checker shadow illusion and checker shadow — is an optical illusion published by Edward H. Adelson, Professor of Vision Science at MIT in 1995. The squares A and B on the illusion are the same color (or shade), although they seem to be different.

“When interpreted as a 3-dimensional scene, our visual system immediately estimates a lighting vector and uses this to judge the property of the material.”

The left image below shows what appears to be a black and white checker-board with a green cylinder resting on it that casts a shadow diagonally across the middle of the board. The black and white squares are actually different shades of gray. The image has been constructed so that “white” squares in the shadow, one of which is labeled “B,” are actually the exact same gray value as “black” squares outside the shadow, one of which is labeled “A.” The two squares A and B appear very different as a result of the illusion. A second version of the same picture includes a rectangular bridge connecting square A and B to show they are the same shade of gray.

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